LR3 (LA) V8-4.4L (2009)
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Global Positioning System: Description and Operation
INTRODUCTION TO THE GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)
The system used to calculate the current position of the vehicle is called the GPS (global positioning system). The system utilises satellites which are
owned by the United States Department of Defense (DoD). A total of 24 satellites circular orbit the earth every 12 hours at a height of 20,000 km
(12500 miles), and between 5 and 11 of these satellites can be seen from a single point at any given time. The orbits are tilted to the earth's equator by 55
° to ensure coverage of polar regions. Each satellite transmits radio signals to provide information about the satellite position i.e. latitude, longitude,
altitude, almanac data and an accurate time signal generated by an on-board atomic clock. Each satellite contains four atomic clocks.
The vehicle needs to receive data from at least four different satellites to give a three dimensional fix on its current position.
As the vehicle moves, this information is continually being updated. The computer determines which satellites are 'visible' to the system and their current
position and relationship to each other. Using this information the computer can account for positional deviations of the satellites and compensate to
enhance the accuracy of the navigation system.
The GPS signal is also known as the Precision positioning signal (PPS). This is now the only GPS signal available, since the Selective positioning signal
(a deliberately degraded signal) was turned of on the 2nd May 2000. The ensures that everyone can now use the higher accuracy available with PPS.
SPS predictable accuracy was:
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100 meters horizontal accuracy
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156 meters vertical accuracy
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340 nanoseconds time accuracy.
PPS predictable accuracy is :
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22 meters horizontal accuracy
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27.7 meters vertical accuracy
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200 nanoseconds time accuracy.
Each navigation system provides computer generated audible and visual route guidance information to enable the driver to reach a desired destination.
The system allows the driver to choose the desired route using minor or major roads or motorways and the quickest or shortest route. Directions to
hospitals, museums, monuments and hotels are also available. The computer uses map information stored on a CD-ROM to determine the best route for
the journey and provide the driver with details of directions and approaching junctions.
The system uses almanac data to determine the vehicles position. Almanac data is the current status of the 24 satellites which orbit the earth. The
computer determines which satellites are 'visible' to the system and their current position and relationship to each other. Using this information the
computer can account for positional deviations of the satellites and compensate to enhance the accuracy of the navigation system. The navigation system
requires the almanac data from at least four different satellites to calculate a three dimensional 'fix' on its location. As the vehicle moves the computer
continually up dates this information so that at all times the computer knows the precise location of the vehicle.
