| Description and Operation The range of diesel engines in the Transit comprises four variants; two normally aspirated and two turbocharged. The turbocharged variants have EPIC engine management systems. To meet the latest emission regulations the engines are equipped with Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) systems. In the case of the EPIC variants this is a closed loop, electronically controlled system. The injector pumps are manufactured by either Lucas or Bosch. The Lucas EPIC pump is a distributor type pump with all parameters controlled electronically by the Powertrain Control Module. The Bosch pump is of the conventional mechanical distributor type. In all cases the pump is belt driven from the crankshaft. The injectors are of the ”Stanadyne" type and are clamped into the cylinder head. The tips of the injectors are insulated from direct contact with the cylinder head by the use of special washers. In the case of mechanical injection, engine starting is aided by the use of a flame start system. The system operates briefly when the ignition is switched on and preheats the combustion chamber so making cold starting easier. The turbocharger is located between the air intake and inlet manifold. Its purpose being to increase the air charge provided to the cylinders. It takes its oil supply from the engine oil system. |  | CAUTION: Diesel fuel injection equipment is manufactured to very precise tolerances and fine clearances. It is therefore very important that absolute cleanliness is observed when working with these components. Always fit blanking plugs to any open orifices or pipes. | | 
