Dodge Truck RAM 50 2WD L4-122 1999cc 2.0L VIN 5 2-BBL (1983)
- Relays and Modules
- Relays and Modules - Lighting and Horns
- Headlamp Relay
- Component Information
- Headlamp Relay
- Relays and Modules - Powertrain Management
- Relays and Modules - Computers and Control Systems
- Powertrain Control Module <--> [Engine Control Module]
- Component Information
- Powertrain Control Module <--> [Engine Control Module]
- Relays and Modules - Fuel Delivery and Air Induction
- Engine Speed Governor Control Module
- Component Information
- Engine Speed Governor Control Module
- Relays and Modules - Computers and Control Systems
- Relays and Modules - Starting and Charging
- Starter Relay
- Component Information
- Starter Relay
- Relays and Modules - Wiper and Washer Systems
- Wiper Relay
- Component Information
- Wiper Relay
- Relays and Modules - Lighting and Horns
- Sensors and Switches
- Sensors and Switches - Cooling System
- Engine - Coolant Temperature Sensor/Switch
- Coolant Temperature Sensor/Switch (For Computer)
- Component Information
- Coolant Temperature Sensor/Switch (For Computer)
- Engine - Coolant Temperature Sensor/Switch
- Sensors and Switches - Cruise Control
- Clutch Switch, Cruise Control
- Component Information
- Clutch Switch, Cruise Control
- Sensors and Switches - Lighting and Horns
- Brake Light Switch
- Component Information
- Headlight Switch <--> [Headlamp Switch]
- Component Information
- Turn Signal Switch
- Component Information
- Brake Light Switch
- Sensors and Switches - Powertrain Management
- Sensors and Switches - Computers and Control Systems
- Coolant Temperature Sensor/Switch (For Computer)
- Component Information
- Coolant Temperature Sensor/Switch (For Computer)
- Sensors and Switches - Ignition System
- Ignition Switch
- Component Information
- Ignition Switch
- Sensors and Switches - Computers and Control Systems
- Sensors and Switches - Starting and Charging
- Clutch Switch
- Component Information
- Ignition Switch
- Component Information
- Neutral Safety Switch
- Component Information
- Clutch Switch
- Sensors and Switches - Cooling System
- Maintenance
- Alignment
- System Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Service and Repair
- System Information
- Tune-up and Engine Performance Checks
- Fuel Pressure
- System Information
- Idle Speed
- System Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- High Altitude Conversion
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 82
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 83
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 84
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 85
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 86
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 87
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 88
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 89
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 90
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 91
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 92
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 93
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 94
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 95
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 96
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 97
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 98
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 99
- Technical Service Bulletins
- System Information
- Firing Order
- Component Information
- Ignition Timing
- Timing Marks and Indicators
- Distributor, Ignition
- Vacuum Advance Unit <--> [Distributor Advance Unit]
- Component Information
- Specifications
- Component Information
- Vacuum Advance Unit <--> [Distributor Advance Unit]
- Spark Plug
- Component Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Customer Interest for Spark Plug:
- All Technical Service Bulletins for Spark Plug:
- 181788
- Oct
- 88
- Spark Plugs - Oil Fouling/Misfire on Hard Acceleration
- Spark Plugs - Oil Fouling/Misfire on Hard Acceleration|Page 130
- Spark Plugs - Oil Fouling/Misfire on Hard Acceleration|Page 131
- Spark Plugs - Oil Fouling/Misfire on Hard Acceleration|Page 132
- Spark Plugs - Oil Fouling/Misfire on Hard Acceleration|Page 133
- 88
- Oct
- 181788
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Component Information
- Valve Clearance
- System Information
- Fuel Pressure
- Drive Belt
- Component Information
- Filters
- Hoses
- Fluids
- Coolant
- Component Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Component Information
- Fluid - A/T
- Component Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Specifications
- Component Information
- Fluid - M/T
- Component Information
- Fluid - Differential
- Component Information
- Fluid - Transfer Case
- Component Information
- Engine Oil
- Component Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Component Information
- Refrigerant
- Component Information
- Coolant
- Fuses and Circuit Breakers
- Fuse Block
- Component Information
- Fuse Block
- Service Reminder Indicators
- System Information
- Wheels and Tires
- Wheel Bearing
- Wheel Hub
- Axle Nut
- Component Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Component Information
- Axle Nut
- Alignment
- Engine, Cooling and Exhaust
- Engine
- Camshaft, Lifters and Push Rods
- Camshaft, Engine
- Rocker Arm Assembly
- Cylinder Block Assembly
- Connecting Rod Bearing
- Component Information
- Connecting Rod, Engine
- Component Information
- Crankshaft Main Bearing
- Component Information
- Piston, Engine
- Component Information
- Piston Ring, Engine
- Component Information
- Connecting Rod Bearing
- Cylinder Head Assembly
- Valve Clearance
- System Information
- Rocker Arm Assembly
- Valve Guide
- Component Information
- Valve Clearance
- Drive Belts, Mounts, Brackets and Accessories
- Drive Belt
- Component Information
- Drive Belt
- Engine Lubrication
- Engine Oil
- Component Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Component Information
- Oil Pan, Engine
- Component Information
- Oil Pump, Engine
- Component Information
- Engine Oil
- Seals and Gaskets, Engine
- Crankshaft Main Bearing Seal
- Component Information
- Crankshaft Main Bearing Seal
- Timing Components
- Timing Belt Tensioner
- Component Information
- Timing Cover
- Component Information
- Timing Belt Tensioner
- Tune-up and Engine Performance Checks
- Fuel Pressure
- System Information
- Idle Speed
- System Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- High Altitude Conversion
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 285
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 286
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 287
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 288
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 289
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 290
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 291
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 292
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 293
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 294
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 295
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 296
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 297
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 298
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 299
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 300
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 301
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 302
- Technical Service Bulletins
- System Information
- Firing Order
- Component Information
- Ignition Timing
- Timing Marks and Indicators
- Distributor, Ignition
- Vacuum Advance Unit <--> [Distributor Advance Unit]
- Component Information
- Specifications
- Component Information
- Vacuum Advance Unit <--> [Distributor Advance Unit]
- Spark Plug
- Component Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Customer Interest for Spark Plug:
- All Technical Service Bulletins for Spark Plug:
- 181788
- Oct
- 88
- Spark Plugs - Oil Fouling/Misfire on Hard Acceleration
- Spark Plugs - Oil Fouling/Misfire on Hard Acceleration|Page 333
- Spark Plugs - Oil Fouling/Misfire on Hard Acceleration|Page 334
- Spark Plugs - Oil Fouling/Misfire on Hard Acceleration|Page 335
- Spark Plugs - Oil Fouling/Misfire on Hard Acceleration|Page 336
- 88
- Oct
- 181788
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Component Information
- Valve Clearance
- System Information
- Fuel Pressure
- Water Pump
- Component Information
- Camshaft, Lifters and Push Rods
- Cooling System
- Coolant
- Component Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Component Information
- Radiator Cooling Fan
- Fan Clutch
- Engine - Coolant Temperature Sensor/Switch
- Coolant Temperature Sensor/Switch (For Computer)
- Component Information
- Coolant Temperature Sensor/Switch (For Computer)
- Heater Core
- Component Information
- Sensors and Switches - Cooling System
- Engine - Coolant Temperature Sensor/Switch
- Coolant Temperature Sensor/Switch (For Computer)
- Component Information
- Coolant Temperature Sensor/Switch (For Computer)
- Engine - Coolant Temperature Sensor/Switch
- Water Pump
- Component Information
- Coolant
- Exhaust System
- Catalytic Converter
- Component Information
- Catalytic Converter
- Engine
- Powertrain Management
- Relays and Modules - Powertrain Management
- Relays and Modules - Computers and Control Systems
- Powertrain Control Module <--> [Engine Control Module]
- Component Information
- Powertrain Control Module <--> [Engine Control Module]
- Relays and Modules - Fuel Delivery and Air Induction
- Engine Speed Governor Control Module
- Component Information
- Engine Speed Governor Control Module
- Relays and Modules - Computers and Control Systems
- Sensors and Switches - Powertrain Management
- Sensors and Switches - Computers and Control Systems
- Coolant Temperature Sensor/Switch (For Computer)
- Component Information
- Coolant Temperature Sensor/Switch (For Computer)
- Sensors and Switches - Ignition System
- Ignition Switch
- Component Information
- Ignition Switch
- Sensors and Switches - Computers and Control Systems
- Tune-up and Engine Performance Checks
- Fuel Pressure
- System Information
- Idle Speed
- System Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- High Altitude Conversion
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 405
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 406
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 407
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 408
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 409
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 410
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 411
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 412
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 413
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 414
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 415
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 416
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 417
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 418
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 419
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 420
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 421
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 422
- Technical Service Bulletins
- System Information
- Firing Order
- Component Information
- Ignition Timing
- Timing Marks and Indicators
- Distributor, Ignition
- Vacuum Advance Unit <--> [Distributor Advance Unit]
- Component Information
- Specifications
- Component Information
- Vacuum Advance Unit <--> [Distributor Advance Unit]
- Spark Plug
- Component Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Customer Interest for Spark Plug:
- All Technical Service Bulletins for Spark Plug:
- 181788
- Oct
- 88
- Spark Plugs - Oil Fouling/Misfire on Hard Acceleration
- Spark Plugs - Oil Fouling/Misfire on Hard Acceleration|Page 453
- Spark Plugs - Oil Fouling/Misfire on Hard Acceleration|Page 454
- Spark Plugs - Oil Fouling/Misfire on Hard Acceleration|Page 455
- Spark Plugs - Oil Fouling/Misfire on Hard Acceleration|Page 456
- 88
- Oct
- 181788
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Component Information
- Valve Clearance
- System Information
- Fuel Pressure
- Computers and Control Systems
- Coolant Temperature Sensor/Switch (For Computer)
- Component Information
- Powertrain Control Module <--> [Engine Control Module]
- Component Information
- Idle Up Control Valve
- Information Bus
- Component Information
- Testing and Inspection
- Component Information
- Relays and Modules - Computers and Control Systems
- Powertrain Control Module <--> [Engine Control Module]
- Component Information
- Powertrain Control Module <--> [Engine Control Module]
- Sensors and Switches - Computers and Control Systems
- Coolant Temperature Sensor/Switch (For Computer)
- Component Information
- Coolant Temperature Sensor/Switch (For Computer)
- Coolant Temperature Sensor/Switch (For Computer)
- Emission Control Systems
- Air Injection
- Air Diverter Valve
- Component Information
- Air Diverter Valve
- Catalytic Converter
- Component Information
- Deceleration Valve
- Evaporative Emissions System
- Evaporative Emission Control Canister
- Component Information
- Liquid Vapor Separator, Evaporative System
- Component Information
- Evaporative Emission Control Canister
- Exhaust Gas Recirculation
- EGR Valve
- Component Information
- EGR Valve
- Positive Crankcase Ventilation
- Thermostatic Air Cleaner
- Air Injection
- Fuel Delivery and Air Induction
- Fuel Pressure
- System Information
- Idle Speed
- System Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- High Altitude Conversion
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 527
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 528
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 529
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 530
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 531
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 532
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 533
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 534
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 535
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 536
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 537
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 538
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 539
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 540
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 541
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 542
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 543
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 544
- Technical Service Bulletins
- System Information
- Altitude Compensator
- Component Information
- Carburetor
- Carburetor Jet
- Component Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- High Altitude Conversion
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 554
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 555
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 556
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 557
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 558
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 559
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 560
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 561
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 562
- High Altitude Conversion|Page 563
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Component Information
- Carburetor Jet
- Dashpot
- Component Information
- Fuel
- Component Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Component Information
- Fuel Pressure Control Solenoid
- Component Information
- Fuel Pump
- Fuel Pressure
- System Information
- Fuel Pressure
- Fuel Shut-off Solenoid
- Component Information
- Engine Speed Governor Control Module
- Component Information
- Idle Speed Control (Linkage)
- Component Information
- Idle Up Control Valve
- Relays and Modules - Fuel Delivery and Air Induction
- Engine Speed Governor Control Module
- Component Information
- Engine Speed Governor Control Module
- Rollover Valve, Fuel Tank
- Component Information
- Fuel Pressure
- Ignition System
- Firing Order
- Component Information
- Ignition Timing
- Timing Marks and Indicators
- Breaker Points
- Component Information
- Distributor, Ignition
- Vacuum Advance Unit <--> [Distributor Advance Unit]
- Component Information
- Specifications
- Component Information
- Vacuum Advance Unit <--> [Distributor Advance Unit]
- Ignition Coil
- Component Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Component Information
- Pick-Up Coil, Ignition
- Component Information
- Sensors and Switches - Ignition System
- Ignition Switch
- Component Information
- Ignition Switch
- Spark Plug
- Component Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Customer Interest for Spark Plug:
- All Technical Service Bulletins for Spark Plug:
- 181788
- Oct
- 88
- Spark Plugs - Oil Fouling/Misfire on Hard Acceleration
- Spark Plugs - Oil Fouling/Misfire on Hard Acceleration|Page 643
- Spark Plugs - Oil Fouling/Misfire on Hard Acceleration|Page 644
- Spark Plugs - Oil Fouling/Misfire on Hard Acceleration|Page 645
- Spark Plugs - Oil Fouling/Misfire on Hard Acceleration|Page 646
- 88
- Oct
- 181788
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Component Information
- Thermal Vacuum Valve, Vacuum/Dist. Advance
- Component Information
- Firing Order
- Relays and Modules - Powertrain Management
- Transmission and Drivetrain
- Automatic Transmission/Transaxle
- Fluid - A/T
- Component Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Specifications
- Component Information
- Fluid - A/T
- Clutch, M/T
- Clutch Pedal Assembly
- Clutch Switch
- Component Information
- Pilot Bearing
- Component Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Component Information
- Differential Assembly
- Differential Carrier
- Carrier Bearings
- Component Information
- Carrier Bearings
- Fluid - Differential
- Component Information
- Pinion Bearing, Differential
- Component Information
- Pinion Gear, Differential
- Component Information
- Ring Gear <--> [Ring Gear, Differential]
- Component Information
- Differential Carrier
- Drive Axles, Bearings and Joints
- Axle Shaft Assembly
- Axle Shaft
- Component Information
- Service and Repair
- Constant Velocity Type Axle Shaft Assembly
- Constant Velocity Type Axle Shaft Assembly|Page 697
- Constant Velocity Type Axle Shaft Assembly|Page 698
- Constant Velocity Type Axle Shaft Assembly|Page 699
- Constant Velocity Type Axle Shaft Assembly|Page 700
- Constant Velocity Type Axle Shaft Assembly|Page 701
- Service and Repair
- Component Information
- Axle Shaft
- Wheel Bearing
- Wheel Hub
- Axle Nut
- Component Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Component Information
- Axle Nut
- Axle Shaft Assembly
- Manual Transmission/Transaxle
- Fluid - M/T
- Component Information
- Input Shaft, M/T
- Component Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Component Information
- Shifter M/T
- Component Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Component Information
- Fluid - M/T
- Transfer Case
- Case, Transfer Case
- Component Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Customer Interest for Case:
- All Technical Service Bulletins for Case:
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Component Information
- Fluid - Transfer Case
- Component Information
- Case, Transfer Case
- Automatic Transmission/Transaxle
- Brakes and Traction Control
- Disc Brake System
- Brake Caliper
- Component Information
- Brake Caliper
- Drum Brake System
- Brake Drum
- Component Information
- Brake Shoe
- Component Information
- Brake Drum
- Hydraulic System, Brakes
- Brake Caliper
- Component Information
- Brake Master Cylinder
- Component Information
- Brake Caliper
- Parking Brake System
- System Information
- Power Booster <--> [Power Brake Assist]
- Vacuum Brake Booster
- Component Information
- Vacuum Brake Booster
- Disc Brake System
- Starting and Charging
- Sensors and Switches - Starting and Charging
- Clutch Switch
- Component Information
- Ignition Switch
- Component Information
- Neutral Safety Switch
- Component Information
- Clutch Switch
- Relays and Modules - Starting and Charging
- Starter Relay
- Component Information
- Starter Relay
- Battery
- Component Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Battery - Checking Procedure Revision
- Battery - Checking Procedure Revision|Page 804
- Battery - Checking Procedure Revision|Page 805
- Battery - Checking Procedure Revision|Page 806
- Battery - Checking Procedure Revision|Page 807
- Battery - Checking Procedure Revision|Page 808
- Battery - Checking Procedure Revision|Page 809
- Battery - Checking Procedure Revision|Page 810
- Battery - Checking Procedure Revision|Page 811
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Component Information
- Charging System
- Generator <--> [Alternator]
- Component Information
- Generator <--> [Alternator]|Specifications
- Testing and Inspection
- Component Information
- Voltage Regulator
- Component Information
- Generator <--> [Alternator]
- Starting System
- Clutch Switch
- Component Information
- Ignition Switch
- Component Information
- Neutral Safety Switch
- Component Information
- Starter Motor
- Component Information
- Starter Relay
- Component Information
- Clutch Switch
- Power and Ground Distribution
- Fuse Block
- Component Information
- Fuse Block
- Sensors and Switches - Starting and Charging
- Power and Ground Distribution
- Fuse Block
- Component Information
- Fuse Block
- Steering and Suspension
- Alignment
- System Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Service and Repair
- System Information
- Steering
- Front Steering Knuckle
- Component Information
- Pitman Arm
- Component Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Component Information
- Steering Column
- Component Information
- Steering Gear
- Front Steering Knuckle
- Suspension
- Ball Joint
- Component Information
- Service and Repair
- Component Information
- Control Arm
- Cross-Member
- Component Information
- Front Steering Knuckle
- Component Information
- Stabilizer Bar, Sway Control
- Component Information
- Service and Repair
- Component Information
- Suspension Spring ( Coil / Leaf )
- Component Information
- Service and Repair
- Component Information
- Suspension Strut / Shock Absorber
- Component Information
- Wheel Bearing
- Wheel Hub
- Axle Nut
- Component Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Component Information
- Axle Nut
- Ball Joint
- Wheels and Tires
- Wheel Bearing
- Wheel Hub
- Axle Nut
- Component Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Component Information
- Axle Nut
- Alignment
- Heating and Air Conditioning
- Blower Motor
- Component Information
- Heater Core
- Component Information
- Refrigerant
- Component Information
- Blower Motor
- Restraint Systems
- Seat Belt Systems
- Seat Belt Extension
- Component Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Component Information
- Seat Belt Warning Timer
- Component Information
- Seat Belt Extension
- Seat Belt Systems
- Accessories and Optional Equipment
- Radio, Stereo, and Compact Disc
- Radio/Stereo
- Component Information
- Radio/Stereo
- Towing / Trailer System
- Trailer Adapter Kit
- Component Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Component Information
- Trailer Adapter Kit
- Radio, Stereo, and Compact Disc
- Body and Frame
- Frame
- Cross-Member
- Component Information
- Trailer Adapter Kit
- Component Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Component Information
- Cross-Member
- Seats
- Component Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Component Information
- Frame
- Cruise Control
- Clutch Switch, Cruise Control
- Component Information
- Sensors and Switches - Cruise Control
- Clutch Switch, Cruise Control
- Component Information
- Clutch Switch, Cruise Control
- Clutch Switch, Cruise Control
- Instrument Panel, Gauges and Warning Indicators
- Instrument Cluster / Carrier
- Component Information
- Instrument Cluster / Carrier
- Lighting and Horns
- Brake Light Switch
- Component Information
- Hazard Warning Lamps
- Hazard Warning Flasher
- Component Information
- Hazard Warning Flasher
- Headlamp
- Headlamp Relay
- Component Information
- Headlight Switch <--> [Headlamp Switch]
- Component Information
- Headlamp Relay
- Horn
- Component Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Customer Interest:
- 082284
- All Technical Service Bulletins:
- 082284
- All Other Service Bulletins for Horn:
- 23-014-06
- All Other Service Bulletins for Horn:
- 23-014-06
- Mar
- 06
- Wipers/Washers - Wipers Smear or Streak Windshield
- 06
- Mar
- 23-014-06
- Customer Interest:
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Component Information
- Relays and Modules - Lighting and Horns
- Headlamp Relay
- Component Information
- Headlamp Relay
- Sensors and Switches - Lighting and Horns
- Brake Light Switch
- Component Information
- Headlight Switch <--> [Headlamp Switch]
- Component Information
- Turn Signal Switch
- Component Information
- Brake Light Switch
- Turn Signals
- Turn Signal Flasher
- Component Information
- Turn Signal Switch
- Component Information
- Turn Signal Flasher
- Brake Light Switch
- Wiper and Washer Systems
- Relays and Modules - Wiper and Washer Systems
- Wiper Relay
- Component Information
- Wiper Relay
- Wiper Blade
- Component Information
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Customer Interest for Wiper Blade:
- 23-014-06
- All Technical Service Bulletins for Wiper Blade:
- 23-014-06
- Customer Interest for Wiper Blade:
- Technical Service Bulletins
- Component Information
- Windshield Wiper Transmission <--> [Wiper Gear Box]
- Component Information
- Wiper Motor
- Component Information
- Wiper Relay
- Component Information
- Relays and Modules - Wiper and Washer Systems