Engine – Function

Design and Function

Applies to: 2008–2010; D4204T

Engine, general

See: Engine, general

Lubrication system

Piston cooling

Each cylinder has a nozzle that is secured by means of a screw together with integrated valve. This valve opens at an oil pressure of approximately 50 kPa.

The oil is injected continuously under the piston as soon as the valve has opened.

When the piston is in the lower limit position, the oil is injected into a channel in the piston. The oil passes through the piston and on to the pan.

In this way, the oil transports the heat away from the piston.

Fuel system

Injectors

1. Connection engine control module (ECM)
2. Piezo element
3. The piezo element is 0.1 mm thick
4. Approximately 450 thin elements on top of each other achieve the necessary change in shape
5. Holes, 5.

The engine control module (ECM) calculates the injection time and the injection volume on the basis of various input parameters.

The injectors are activated directly by the engine control module (ECM). The injectors are controlled by changing the shape of the piezoelectric elements.

Via the piezoelectrically controlled injectors, a defined amount of fuel is injected into each combustion chamber. This takes place via priming and one main injection.

The internal feed pump supplies the fuel volume control valve and the flow control valve with fuel. The flow control valve directs surplus fuel back to the intake side of the internal feed pump.

Fuel that is intended to lubricate the high-pressure pump flows from the internal feed pump to the valve for the lubricating channel, on through the high-pressure pump to the fuel return and back to the fuel tank.

The position of the fuel volume control valve determines the amount of fuel that reaches the pump element for the high-pressure pump. The three internal pump elements generate a flow of fuel out to the fuel rail and the injectors.

The pressure in the fuel system is measured using a fuel pressure sensor in the fuel rail. The fuel pressure sensor signal is used by the engine control module (ECM) as an input signal for calculating the amount to be injected.

The fuel pressure control valve regulates the flow out to the fuel rail. As a result, the pressure in the fuel rail can be adapted to each unique operating condition.

The fuel is brought in under high pressure into the fuel rail and to the injectors and is available for injection. The injection pressure varies between approximately 35 MPa and 165 MPa depending on the operating condition of the engine.

The high-pressure control valve on the high-pressure outlet for the diesel pump regulates the fuel pressure and therefore also the pressure in the fuel rail.

Closed injector

Fuel from the fuel rail reaches the upper chamber and the high-pressure chamber. The valve closes the link to the channel for return fuel. The valve is actuated by the fuel pressure and by a spring.

The fuel pressure also acts on the push rod (upper chamber) and the fuel needle (high-pressure chamber).

When the push rod area is greater than the fuel needle area, the push rod force will be greater than the fuel needle force. This causes the fuel needle to close.

Starting injection

When injection is to take place, the piezo material is supplied with power for a brief moment. This causes the material to change shape, which affects the arm and the piston and therefore also the valve.

The valve opens the link to the channel for return fuel, which produces a reduction in pressure in the upper chamber. With the reduced pressure in the upper chamber, the force that acts on the push rod is also reduced.

The pressure remains in the high-pressure chamber, which means that the force that acts on the fuel needle is greater than the push rod force.

The fuel needle lifts and fuel reaches the combustion chamber via the five holes.

Stopping injection

To stop injection, the piezo material is supplied with power for another brief moment with reversed polarity.

The material returns to its original form. The valve closes and the fuel pressure in the upper chamber rises. The force on the push rod increases and exceeds the fuel needle force. The fuel needle closes and injection is interrupted.

Fuel filter

1. Inlet from fuel tank
2. Connection to diesel pump
3. Electrical fuel preheating
4. Drain screw.

In the fuel filter there is a unit comprising a bimetallic spring and a heater element. When the key is turned to ignition position II, the central electronic module (CEM) activates a relay and the bimetallic spring is supplied with power. The bimetallic spring switches close the electrical circuit and the element is supplied with power. The current causes the element to heat up, which therefore heats up the fuel.

The circuit works irrespective of whether the engine is running or not.

The fuel filter has a water separator. This must be emptied at regular intervals according to the instructions in the service literature.

Fuel volume control valve

The purpose of the fuel volume control valve is to supply the three pump elements in the high-pressure pump with fuel. The engine control module (ECM) calculates how much fuel is to go to the pump elements, based on factors such as the desired fuel pressure and the desired amount of fuel that is to be injected.

Fuel pressure control valve

The fuel pressure valve regulates the pressure on the high-pressure side of the fuel pump (FP), and therefore also the pressure in the fuel rail. The fuel pressure control valve also damps pressure variations that arise for example when the fuel pump (FP) is delivering fuel and when injection is taking place.

Fuel regulation

The engine control module (ECM) works on the basis of the input signals to process information to control the fuel quantity, injection time and fuel pressure so as to ensure good drivability under all circumstances. Injection takes place over two stages, preignition and main ignition, in order to reduce noise levels and emissions.

Regulating fuel pressure

The three pump elements in the high-pressure pump create a flow at high pressure out to the fuel rail. The amount of fuel going to the high-pressure pump is regulated by the fuel volume control valve. The fuel pressure in the fuel rail is directly dependent on the position of the fuel pressure control valve. The pressure when idling is 28 MPa. Maximum pressure, 165 MPa, is achieved at engine speeds (RPM) above 4000 rpm at full load. The engine control module (ECM) performs this control.

When the engine is switched off, the fuel volume control valve closes while the fuel pressure control valve opens. This means that the fuel system is quickly depressurized. The fuel system does not have a safety valve on the high-pressure side (fuel pump (FP), high-pressure lines and fuel rail). To make the system as safe as possible, the fuel volume control valve closes so that no fuel reaches the high-pressure pump when it is without power, while the fuel pressure valve opens so that the high-pressure pump is drained of fuel.

Additive tank, applies to S40 (04-), V50, C30 and C70 (06-)

1. Additive Dosing Module (ADM)
2. Additive tank with integrated pump and level sensor
3. Ventilation valve for the tank
4. Feeder hose and injector
5. Main fuel tank (diesel)
6. Overflow valve (when filling)
7. Refilling connection for additive

The task of the additive dosing module (ADM) is to calculate and control the quantity of additive dosed to the main fuel tank (diesel) whenever fuel (diesel) is added so as to ensure that emissions requirements can be met.

When the engine is started after fueling, the engine receives information on how much fuel has been added. To ensure that the noise from the additive pump is not disruptive, additive dosing will not start until the vehicle reaches a speed in excess of 40 km/h. If this speed is not attained within 4 minutes of fueling, once the engine has been started the first time, dosing will start anyway.

The additive must be topped up at an authorized workshop. It cannot be done by the customer. Additive consumption is normally so low that it normally only need to be topped at regular service intervals. The particle trap, which burns particles from the exhaust gases can become damaged without additive.

When additive is topped up, the mechanic has to transmit a diagnosis command to the additive dosing module (ADM) so that the additive's level counter can be zeroed. See diagnosis functions for more information.

For more information, see Design and Function, Additive Dosing Module (ADM).

EGR system

1. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) cooler
2. Connector pipe to intake manifold
3. Connector pipe to valve cover / air cleaner (ACL)
4. EGR stepper motor
5. Connection to the cylinder head.

The EGR valve is electrically controlled by the engine control module (ECM).

EGR technology is used in order to lower the exhaust temperature and therefore to reduce NO _x emissions. This means that some of the exhaust gases are recirculated to the combustion chamber.

By allowing the exhaust gases to pass through a cooler where coolant is used as the refrigerant, the temperature of the recirculated exhaust gases is lowered which enables NO_xemissions to be further reduced.

The volume of recirculated gases is regulated by an electric motor controlled by the engine control module (ECM). The mass air flow (MAF) sensor signal is used as the main parameter for calculating when exhaust gas recirculation should be allowed.

The recirculated exhaust gas volume is regulated by an EGR stepper motor and can therefore be accurately adapted.

The recirculated exhaust gases are cooled via an EGR cooler before being routed into the intake manifold.

In order to clean the valve of soot and deposits, the valve is activated a number of times each time the engine is switched off.

Turbocharger (TC)

1. Turbocharger (TC) position sensor
2. Turbocharger (TC) housing
3. Gasket
4. Adapter
5. Oil return hose
6. Retainer
7. Banjo screw
8. Oil line
9. Banjo screw

The turbocharger (TC) system on this engine comprises a turbocharger (TC) with VNT (Variable Nozzle Turbine), which is regulated by a turbocharger (TC) control valve. This in turn acts on a pressure regulator. A position sensor transmits information about the position of the turbines to the engine control module (ECM).

In order to achieve optimum torque characteristics, a Garret turbocharger (TC) with variable turbine geometry is used.

The moving guide rails in the turbine are controlled by the turbocharger (TC) pressure regulator via a linkage.

In the middle of the turbocharger (TC) pressure regulator there is a pressure sensor which forwards the position of the guide rails in the form of input signals to the engine control module (ECM).

The vacuum to the turbocharger (TC) pressure regulator is dosed by the solenoid valve for the boost pressure control. The solenoid valve for the boost pressure control is controlled by the engine control module (ECM).

The turbocharger (TC) bearings are lubricated via a pipe from the engine lubrication circuit.

A pressure regulator is connected to the guide rails by means of a rod. A position sensor is located on the pressure regulator. The sensor registers the position of the rod and therefore also the position of the guide rails. The signal from the sensor is used by the engine control module (ECM) to calculate the position of the guide rails and therefore also the boost pressure. The position of the guide rails is regulated by the air pressure in the regulator.

Cooling system

The shut-off valve is located in the supply line from the thermostat housing to the expansion tank. This limits the flow of coolant to the expansion tank when running the engine to operating temperature.

The bypass valve is located between the coolant outlet on the cylinder head and the supply line to the coolant pump. This limits the flow of coolant to the coolant pump when running the engine to operating temperature.

The majority of the coolant is routed to the heat exchanger and flows back to the coolant pump via the EGR cooler.

The bypass valve starts to open at a certain coolant temperature. It remains open until the engine has reached operating temperature.

When the engine reaches operating temperature, the thermostat and the shut-off valve are completely open and the bypass valve is completely closed. At this point, the large coolant circuit is open.

Utilizing the shut-off valve and the bypass valve shortens the warming up time and the passenger compartment temperature can be increased more rapidly.

The bypass valve and the shut-off valve are regulated by the engine control module (ECM).

Coolant circuit

1. Heat exchanger
2. Thermostat housing
3. Bypass valve (S40 (04-), V50 -2005)
4. Thermostat
5. Shut-off valve
6. Oil cooler
7. Coolant heat exchanger
8. Cooling system expansion tank
9. Cylinder block
10. Coolant pump
11. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) cooler

Warm up phase, thermostat closed

During the engine warm-up phase, the thermostat and the solenoid valve are closed. At the same time, the bypass valve keeps the link from the cylinder head to the coolant pump closed.

The coolant only circulates in the small circuit from the cylinder head and from the oil cooler to the heat exchanger in the passenger compartment.

When the coolant temperature rises, the bypass valve opens the link to the coolant pump in proportion to the temperature increase. The coolant now flows to the heat exchanger in the passenger compartment and the intake for the coolant pump. The thermostat and solenoid valve are still closed.

The thermostat starts to open

When the thermostat housing starts to open, the bypass valve closes the link between the cylinder head and the coolant pump proportionally.

At the same time, the solenoid valve gradually opens the link to the expansion tank. The flow from the cylinder head now separates to:

• the passenger compartment heat exchanger
• the inlet for the coolant pump
• the radiator
• expansion tank.

The engine has achieved the correct operating temperature

When the engine has reached the correct operating temperature, the bypass valve completely closes the link between the cylinder head and the coolant pump. The solenoid valve simultaneously opens the link to the expansion tank fully.

A small portion of the coolant now flows through the passenger compartment heat exchanger, while the large flow takes place through the cooler.

Applies to: 2008–2011; B4204S3, B4204S4

Crankshaft

The function of the crankshaft is to transfer the piston movement's upward and downward force. The connecting rod attached to the crankshaft transfers the upward and downward movement of the piston to the crankshaft's rotation.

Piston

The main task of the piston is to transfer the compressive force of the ignited fuel/air mixture to the crankshaft via the connecting rod. The piston rings form a seal so that the fuel/air mixture does not force its way down past the piston. The top ring ensures a seal between the piston and the cylinder. The second ring also seals and scrapes away any oil during the downward movement of the piston. The third ring makes sure the oil drains via the drain hole.

The pistons are oil cooled so that they can have a lower compression height. Oil is led through a valve in a longitudinal channel in the lower section of the cylinder block on the exhaust side. There is a nozzle screwed to the channel at each cylinder. This leads the oil towards the underside of the piston. The task of the valves is to open the connection at a pressure greater than 1.6 bar, which corresponds to approximately 1500 rpm.

Cross flowing improves heat transfer and reduces the top temperature in different areas of the cylinder block and cylinder head. By placing a plate that does not bottom in the water jacket on the exhaust side for cylinder 1, the fluid flows differently. The greater quantity is now guided around cylinder 1 to the engine block's intake side and on to the exhaust side. Then the fluid flows up into the cylinder head between the exhaust valve seats and back to the thermostat housing.

To ensure an even flow from the engine block to the cylinder head, the holes in the gasket are of different sizes. The holes are smallest closest to the coolant pump, where the pressure is greatest, the diameter then increases with distance from the pump. This gives an even flow throughout the entire cylinder head. The amount of coolant that flows under the plate is led to the front connection of the cooler and back to the intake pipe for the coolant pump.

Camshafts and valve system

The intake camshaft and its valves release the fuel and air mixture for the ignition procedure to take place. The exhaust camshaft and its valves release the exhaust gases.

The valve springs operates progressively. This means that there is little force at the beginning and the end of the closing phase, but considerable force during maximum valve lift.

The camshaft rotates with the help of the camshaft chain, which obtains its power from the crankshaft. When the cam lobe on the camshaft presses in the valve depressor, the valve is pressed in and releases the fuel/air mixture.

The double overhead camshafts are driven by the crankshaft, driven by a maintenance free inverted toothed chain. The toothed chain produces lower levels of sound compared to a traditional roller chain.

A further chain with a spring tensioner drives the engine's oil pump.

There is a certain amount of valve clearance between the valve lifters and cam lobes. The valve clearance is adapted to compensate for differences in length between the valve and cylinder head due to expansion when warming up. Mechanical valve lifters ensure more precise valve timing, reduced friction, more stable combustion and reduced mass.

Oil sump

The main task of the oil sump is to be the reservoir for the oil. It is also part of the cylinder block. There are a number of components which are secured in or on the oil sump.

The oil level is checked via the dipstick which is connected to the oil sump. A suction pipe with nozzle supplies the oil pump with oil. The oil is then routed on in the engine.

Lubrication system

The oil is routed from the oil sump via a nozzle to the oil pump, which is located in the engine block.

The oil flows from the oil filter through an oil duct to the main bearings. The oil then flows through bored ducts in the crankshaft to the connecting rod bearings. The duct runs through the cylinder block to the cylinder head and piston cooling valves, from where it flows out via an oil duct to the left-hand camshaft bearing and valve lifter (intake side).

Oil filter

The filter filters out any dirt particles from the oil. The oil flow from the outside into the filter. If the filter becomes blocked, the by-pass valve opens so that the oil can pass the filter. This ensures that the engine is always lubricated with oil.

Piston cooling valve

The piston cooling valve cools the underside of the piston by spraying oil.

Oil pump

1. Crankshaft pulley
2. Spring loaded chain tensioner.
3. The oil pump's chain sprocket
4. Drive chain
5. Chain guide

The oil pump is mounted on the cylinder block and driven directly via the crankshaft by a chain. A chain guide and a spring loaded chain tensioner provide quiet and maintenance free operation.

The oil pump pumps oil from the oil sump via ducts in the main bearing bridge and cylinder block up in the cylinder head and out into the system. The oil pump is located next to the crankshaft and cylinder block.

Injector

The fuel comes from the fuel rail to the injector intake and on through the injectors. The fuel is blended with intake air to form a fuel/air mixture that is as homogeneous as possible.

Intake system

Each cylinder has an intake manifold which comes from a plenum chamber. The injectors are on the lower intake pipe close to the intake valves. This is so that the fuel mixes as well as possible with the turbulent air. The position of the injectors is optimized to minimize wetting the cylinder walls and therefore give better emissions.

EGR system

The EGR valve is electrically controlled by the engine control module (ECM).

EGR technology is used in order to lower the exhaust temperature and therefore to reduce NOx emissions. This means that some of the exhaust gases are recirculated to the combustion chamber.

By allowing the exhaust gases to pass a cooler in which the coolant is used as a cooling medium, the temperature of the exhaust gases returned is reduced, thereby further reducing NOx emissions.

The quantity of exhaust gases returned is controlled by an electric motor controlled by the engine control module (ECM). The mass airflow meter signal is used as the key parameter to calculate when exhaust gas return is permitted.

The recirculated exhaust gas volume is regulated by an EGR stepper motor and can therefore be accurately adapted.

The recirculated exhaust gases are cooled via an EGR cooler before being routed into the intake manifold.

In order to clean the valve of soot and deposits, the valve is activated a number of times each time the engine is switched off.

Throttle body

The throttle body guides the air flow into the intake manifold. The requested throttle disc angle is obtained by the driver by the accelerator pedal movement / accelerator pedal position. The intake air comes from the air filter housing through the throttle body and on to the intake pipe.

Exhaust system

The three-way catalytic converter (TWC) acts by oxidizing carbon monoxide (CO) and hydro-carbons (HC) to water and carbon dioxide (CO²). Nitrous oxides (NO^x) are reduced to nitrogen and water. Over 98% of these substances are converted in the three-way catalytic converter (TWC) during normal driving. Lead pollutants in the fuel damage the three-way catalytic converter (TWC) and can quickly render it unusable.

Crankcase ventilation

The crankcase ventilation controls the pressure in the crankcase. The crankcase gases are also separated in the flame trap and favorable particles are returned to the engine.

Flame trap

The flame trap separates the crankcase gases from the cylinder block. The oil in the crankcase gas runs down into a container chamber to be returned to the oil sump. The rest of the crankcase gas is directed on to the intake pipe.

There is an outlet duct for the gases. It runs from the valve cover via a hose to the air filter housing. The gases pass a foam filter and then through the air filter to the intake.

Radiator

When the fuel combusts in the vehicle's engine, the result is both mechanical work and excess energy. The excess heat is taken away from the engine via the exhaust gases by convection to the air in the engine compartment and also by transfer to the coolant and engine oil. The cooling system is a closed system.

When the coolant temperature is high enough to partially open the thermostat, the coolant is distributed via the radiator and the bypass channel to the coolant pump. When the thermostat is fully open, all the coolant goes to the radiator. The cooled air is sucked through the radiator by a 2 or 3 stage electric engine cooling fan (FC) on the fan shroud behind the radiator.

The coolant pump pumps coolant through the cylinder block, and also cools the cylinder head, cylinder sleeves, spark plug wells, intake ducts and fuel injection nozzles.

The coolant flows in at the pump and passes through a number of channels before it collects and then flows out to the thermostat housing. If the thermostat housing is closed, the coolant passes via the by-pass channel directly to the coolant pump to then circulate through the cylinder block again.

Thermostat

1. Thermostat housing
2. By-pass hose

The thermostat regulates the amount of coolant to the engine. The wax body expands when energy reaches it in the form of heat.

When the wax body expands in the thermostat, a flow of coolant is allowed through the radiator whilst the flow to the by-pass is shut off to speed up cooling. Coolant routed through the bypass returns to the engine without being cooled.

Applies to: 2008–2012; B5254T10, B5254T11, B5254T6, B5254T8

Oil pan

The main task of the oil sump is to be the reservoir for the oil as well as for part of the cylinder block. There are a number of components which are secured in or on the oil sump.

The oil level is checked via the dipstick which is connected to the oil pan. A suction pipe with a nozzle supplies the oil pump with oil which is then pumped onwards in the engine. To facilitate the suction function of the oil pump, there is a bleed valve which ensures that any air in the system is evacuated. The oil flows through the oil cooler to lower its temperature. The oil cooler is screwed to the outside of the oil pan.

Crankshaft

The function of the crankshaft is to transfer the upwards and downwards power of the piston movement. The engine is pendulum mounted, which provides better crankshaft balance than a non-pendulum mounted engine. The connecting rod, which is secured on the crankshaft, transfers the upwards and downwards movement of the piston into crankshaft rotation.

Piston

The main task of the piston is to compress the fuel/air mixture during the different strokes. The piston rings provide a seal so that the fuel/air mixture is not forced past the piston. The uppermost ring expands when the piston moves downwards. The second ring, as well as sealing is an oil scraper ring during the downward piston movement. The third ring ensures that the oil is drained via the drainage hole.

Camshafts, valve system

The camshafts and their valves let in the fuel and air mixture so that the ignition procedure can take place. The camshafts and their valves let out the fuel and air mixture after ignition has taken place. Tapered valve springs enables the use of a smaller valve washer and the total movable mass is reduced. The valve spring acts progressively, which gives a small force at the beginning of opening and end of closing, while it becomes big at the maximal valve lift.

The camshaft is rotated by the timing belt which is turned by the crankshaft. When the cam lobes on the camshaft press in the valve lifter, the valve is also pressed in and lets the fuel/air mixture out. A VVT unit on the camshaft can vary the valve timing steplessly using the oil pressure. The function of the VVT unit is to determine when to open or close the valves (within specific tolerances).

Mechanical belt tensioner

The belt tensioner must maintain constant pressure on the timing belt and prevent the belt from jumping off the cogs.

Lubrication system

The oil is led from the oil pan via a suction piece to the oil pump. The oil pump is located on the cylinder block. The oil is then pumped onwards to the oil cooling system and then to the oil filter.

The oil flows from the filter through a cast oil duct in the intermediate section to the main bearings. The oil then flows through bored channels in the crankshaft to the connecting rod bearings. The camshafts are supplied with oil by a bored channel in the cylinder block. The channel runs through the cylinder head, where it flows out at the bottom of the upper half of the cylinder head. There is a cross duct in the channel to the cylinder head which carries oil to the pistons via a piston cooling valve. The oil flows on via an oil duct to the bearing for the left-hand camshaft and the valve lifters (intake side).

The bearings for the right-hand side camshaft (exhaust side) are supplied by a cast cross duct at the front edge of the upper half. This cast cross duct also supplies pressurized oil to the solenoids for the VVT unit. Drain holes in the cylinder block release the oil from the cylinder head and crankshaft bearing back to the oil pan.

Oil filter

The filter is an environment filter which filters out any dirt particles from the oil. The oil flow from the outside into the filter. If the filter becomes blocked, the by-pass valve opens so that the oil can pass the filter. This ensures that the engine is always lubricated with oil.

Piston cooling valve

The piston cooling valve regulates the oil flow by letting oil through the piston cooling nozzles.

Oil pump

The oil pump pumps oil from the oil pan via channels in the intermediate section and cylinder block into the cylinder head and onwards in the system. The oil pump is placed on the crankshaft. A gear (duo-centric) reduces the flow of oil, increasing the pressure. This results in a pulse action which forces out the oil. The oil can only flow in one direction.

Intake system

Each cylinder has an intake manifold which comes from a plenum chamber. The injectors are on the lower aluminum intake manifold close to the intake valves. This is so that the fuel mixes as well as possible with the turbulent air. The position of the injectors is optimized to minimize wetting the cylinder walls. Thereby good emissions. There are ducts in the lower intake manifold for the crankcase gases so that they can reach the combustion chamber.

The air enters via the air intake, which is secured in the front member. In the inlet manifold, there is a rail that divides the pipe, to reduce the pressure-drop. Then the air passes in to the air filter housing. Here, there is also a so-called snow valve. This is opened if the air filter housing and air intake are clogged by snow. The air flow passes on and also cools the Engine control module (ECM) using cooling fins. The air flow continues on through a funnel and further to the mass air flow sensor. The mass air flow sensor measures the amount of air to the engine. Thereafter in a fresh air hose over the engine. Then the air passes the turbocharger and the charge-air cooler and continues to the electric throttle body and in to the inlet manifold. The EVAP-valve returns the fuel and air mixture for further combustion. The EVAP-valve is located by the throttle body.

Throttle body (TB)

The throttle body guides the air flow into the intake manifold. The requested throttle disc angle is obtained by the driver by the accelerator pedal movement / accelerator pedal position. The intake air comes from the air filter housing through the throttle body and on to the intake manifold.

Turbocharger (TC)

The exhausts enter via the manifold down to the turbine housing and out to the exhaust system via downpipe and the catalytic converter. The turbine rotor blows out the exhausts and gives rotation to the compressor rotor. The compressor rotor generates a certain suction for inlet air. This inlet air enters via the air filter in to the compressor and that speeds up the air via a rotational movement, it is this that generates the boost pressure. Then the air continues to the inlet system. The wastegate controls the turbocharger's boost pressure by deciding how much of the exhausts shall pass through the turbine, which then transfers power to the compressor. The by-pass valve is a diaphragm that balances inlet and exhaust air pressure to eliminate any noise.

Crankcase ventilation

The crankcase ventilation controls the pressure in the crankcase. The crankcase gases are also separated in the flame trap and cyclone separators and favorable particles are returned to the engine.

Flame trap

The flame trap roughly separates the crankcase gases from the cylinder block. The crankcase gases circulate around the walls in the flame trap before entering the cyclone separators. The cyclone separators act on the crankcase gases to separate the particles/substances. The oil in the crankcase gas runs down into a container chamber to be returned to the oil pan. The rest of the crankcase gas is directed on to a pressure regulator which regulates the pressure in the crankcase. The crankcase gas is then evacuated from the pressure regulator to return to the intake manifold via the turbocharger on vehicles with turbocharged engines. Otherwise the gas returns directly to the intake manifold.

Oil cooler

When the coolant temperature is high enough to partially open the thermostat, the coolant is distributed via the radiator and the bypass channel to the coolant pump. When the thermostat is fully open, all the coolant goes to the radiator. The cooled air is sucked through the radiator by an electric engine cooling fan (FC) on the fan shroud behind the radiator.

Thermostat

The thermostat controls the amount of coolant to the engine. When energy in the form of heat is added, the wax body expands. In today's cooling system the thermostat is set to start expanding when the ambient coolant temperature is 90 °C. When the wax body in the thermostat starts to expand it enables a flow of coolant through the radiator, at the same time as it shuts off the flow to the by-pass, to obtain faster cooling. The coolant returns back in to the engine, without being cooled, through the by-pass. Any air can escape from the system with a jiggle pin. The jiggle pin is located in the thermostat.